Vitex Chasteberry
Natural Support for PMS, Breast Tenderness, Menstrual Rhythm, Mood Changes and Hormonal Wellness
Vitex, also known as chasteberry or Vitex agnus-castus, is a small berry from the chaste tree, a flowering shrub native to the Mediterranean region and parts of Central Asia.
For centuries, Vitex has held a special place in traditional women's herbal wellness. Today, it is most widely recognized for supporting premenstrual comfort, cyclical breast tenderness, menstrual rhythm and reproductive hormone signaling.
What makes Vitex especially interesting is the way it appears to work.
Vitex is not simply a source of estrogen or progesterone. Instead, research suggests that compounds within the plant may influence communication between the brain, pituitary gland and reproductive system, particularly pathways involving dopamine and prolactin.
This gives Vitex a distinctive place among women's herbs.
Rather than supplying one hormone, Vitex appears to influence some of the signaling mechanisms that help regulate hormonal rhythm.
What Vitex Is Best Known For
Vitex is best known for supporting women experiencing symptoms that follow a menstrual or hormonal pattern, particularly:
Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS
Cyclical breast tenderness
Premenstrual mood changes
Irritability
Headaches associated with PMS
Bloating and premenstrual discomfort
Menstrual irregularity
Certain prolactin-related cycle disturbances
Luteal-phase concerns
Hormonal changes during perimenopause
Vitex has also been explored for fertility-related menstrual patterns, menopausal symptoms, PMDD and hormone-associated skin changes.
The depth of research is not equal across all of these uses.
The strongest human evidence centers on PMS and cyclical breast tenderness, while several other applications remain promising areas of study.
Why Vitex Is Different From Simply Taking a Hormone
The phrase “hormone balance” is commonly used in wellness conversations, but Vitex appears to do something more specific and more interesting.
The reproductive system depends on constant communication among the brain, pituitary gland, ovaries and other tissues.
The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. Although tiny, it releases hormones that help coordinate reproduction, thyroid activity, growth, stress responses and other essential functions.
Vitex appears to influence this communication system.
One of the most studied possibilities involves dopamine.
Dopamine is widely known as a brain neurotransmitter involved in motivation, movement and reward, but dopamine also plays an important role in reproductive endocrinology because it helps regulate the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland.
Vitex contains plant compounds that appear capable of interacting with dopamine-related pathways.
Through these pathways, Vitex may influence prolactin signaling and some of the downstream hormonal patterns connected with the menstrual cycle.
That is why describing Vitex simply as an herb that “raises progesterone” or “balances estrogen” misses much of the story.
Vitex may be better understood as an herb that helps influence hormonal communication and reproductive rhythm.
Understanding Prolactin
Prolactin is often described as the breastfeeding hormone because it helps stimulate milk production after childbirth.
But prolactin does much more than that.
Prolactin also interacts with reproductive function, menstrual rhythm, ovulation and breast tissue.
When prolactin becomes elevated outside pregnancy and breastfeeding, menstrual and reproductive patterns can sometimes change.
Depending on the individual and the degree of elevation, higher prolactin may be associated with:
Irregular menstrual cycles
Changes in ovulation
Shortened luteal phases
Breast tenderness
Fertility difficulties
Changes in reproductive hormone signaling
This connection helps explain why researchers became interested in Vitex.
Clinical research has found that certain Vitex preparations can influence prolactin responses in some women, particularly those with specific menstrual patterns associated with elevated prolactin activity.
This is one of the most fascinating parts of the Vitex story.
The berry may be working upstream, helping influence the communication signals that shape what eventually happens throughout the menstrual cycle.
PMS and Monthly Comfort
Premenstrual syndrome can involve much more than feeling slightly different before a period.
PMS may affect the body, mood, appetite, sleep and nervous system.
Women may experience:
Breast tenderness
Irritability
Emotional sensitivity
Mood changes
Headaches
Bloating
Cravings
Fatigue
Changes in sleep
Fluid retention
Physical discomfort
Vitex is one of the most extensively studied herbal approaches for PMS.
Clinical trials and systematic reviews have found improvements in various premenstrual symptoms among women using Vitex preparations.
This is important because PMS follows a rhythm.
Symptoms often appear during the luteal phase, the portion of the menstrual cycle after ovulation, and then improve shortly after menstruation begins.
When symptoms repeatedly appear during the same hormonal window each month, Vitex may be particularly relevant because of its relationship with reproductive signaling.
Where the Evidence Is Strongest
Among the many reasons women use Vitex, two areas stand out most clearly in human research:
Premenstrual syndrome and cyclical breast tenderness.
Vitex has been studied in randomized clinical trials as well as systematic reviews and meta-analyses for these conditions.
That does not mean every woman will respond the same way. Herbal medicine is rarely that tidy.
But it does mean these uses are supported by considerably more human research than many of the broader claims sometimes made about Vitex.
This distinction matters.
A woman looking into Vitex deserves to know both the tradition surrounding the herb and where modern clinical research has gone deepest.
Breast Tenderness and Cyclical Mastalgia
One of the strongest areas of Vitex research involves cyclical mastalgia, the medical term for breast pain or tenderness that follows the menstrual cycle.
Cyclical breast tenderness commonly becomes stronger in the days or weeks before menstruation and improves after the period begins.
This pattern may reflect changes involving estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and breast-tissue sensitivity across the menstrual cycle.
Vitex has been studied extensively for this particular symptom.
A systematic review and meta-analysis examining clinical trials of Vitex for cyclical mastalgia found that Vitex reduced breast pain compared with placebo in the studies included in the conservative analysis.
Researchers have also observed changes in elevated prolactin in some women.
This connection between prolactin signaling and breast tissue helps explain why breast tenderness has become one of Vitex's best-supported uses.
For a woman whose breast discomfort predictably appears before menstruation month after month, Vitex is one of the better-researched herbal options worth understanding.
Cycle Regularity and Hormonal Rhythm
The menstrual cycle is an intricate biological rhythm rather than a single monthly event.
Signals travel among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries throughout the cycle.
Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, progesterone and prolactin all participate in this coordinated conversation.
Sleep, nutrition, thyroid function, metabolic health, stress, medications, age and other factors can also influence menstrual patterns.
Vitex is commonly used when the menstrual picture includes a combination of:
PMS
Cyclical breast tenderness
Irregular menstrual rhythm
Prolactin-related symptoms
Luteal-phase concerns
Vitex does not force every menstrual cycle into the same pattern.
Its value appears to lie in influencing some of the signaling pathways involved in reproductive rhythm.
The Luteal Phase
The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle.
It begins after ovulation and continues until menstruation.
After an egg is released, the follicle that released it becomes a temporary endocrine structure called the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum produces progesterone, helping prepare and maintain the uterine lining during this portion of the cycle.
For some women, the luteal phase may be shortened or progesterone production during that phase may be inadequate.
Researchers have investigated Vitex in women experiencing luteal-phase abnormalities connected with elevated prolactin responses.
In a small randomized, placebo-controlled study, women receiving a specific Vitex preparation experienced reductions in prolactin responses, normalization of shortened luteal phases and improvements in luteal progesterone production.
That study gives us an important clue about where Vitex may be especially relevant.
Its reproductive effects may be most meaningful when a menstrual problem involves a particular hormonal signaling pattern rather than when Vitex is used as a general-purpose fertility supplement.
Vitex and Fertility
Vitex frequently appears in conversations about fertility because menstrual rhythm, ovulation, prolactin and luteal-phase function are all connected with reproductive health.
There is a reasonable biological basis for this interest.
If elevated prolactin, irregular cycles or luteal-phase abnormalities are disrupting reproductive rhythm, influencing those pathways could potentially improve the conditions surrounding conception.
However, this deserves precision.
Vitex has not been established as a universal fertility treatment.
Research is much stronger for specific menstrual and prolactin-related patterns than it is for infertility as a whole.
The most meaningful question therefore may not be:
“Does Vitex increase fertility?”
A better question is:
“Is there a menstrual, luteal-phase or prolactin-related pattern present that Vitex may help support?”
That distinction allows Vitex to be appreciated for what it may genuinely do without turning it into something it has never been proven to be.
Once pregnancy is suspected or confirmed, continued Vitex use should be discussed with a qualified healthcare professional.
PMS, Mood and Emotional Rhythm
Hormones and the nervous system are deeply interconnected.
For some women, the days before menstruation bring noticeable changes in:
Patience
Emotional sensitivity
Irritability
Sadness
Tension
Concentration
Sleep
Stress tolerance
When those emotional shifts consistently follow the menstrual cycle, reproductive hormone signaling may be one piece of the picture.
Vitex has been studied for the broader collection of emotional and physical symptoms associated with PMS.
This is another reason it may feel very different from an herb intended simply to relax the nervous system.
Vitex is being used closer to the hormonal rhythm behind the recurring pattern.
What About PMDD?
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD, is a more severe premenstrual condition in which emotional, cognitive and physical symptoms can significantly interfere with everyday life.
Symptoms may include pronounced irritability, mood changes, anxiety, sadness, difficulty concentrating and physical premenstrual symptoms.
Vitex has been investigated in research involving severe premenstrual symptoms and PMDD.
The research is interesting, but it is smaller and less definitive than the broader body of evidence for PMS.
For that reason, PMDD belongs in the Vitex conversation, but it should not be treated as though Vitex has been established as a stand-alone answer for every woman with PMDD.
It represents another area where the connection between the menstrual cycle, brain chemistry and reproductive hormone signaling deserves continued exploration.
Perimenopause
Perimenopause is the transition leading toward menopause.
During this period, ovarian hormone production becomes less predictable.
Periods may become:
Shorter or longer
Heavier or lighter
Closer together or farther apart
Women may also begin experiencing:
Hot flashes
Night sweats
Mood changes
Anxiety
Breast tenderness
Sleep disruption
Changing PMS patterns
Altered menstrual rhythm
Perimenopause is particularly interesting in relation to Vitex because menstrual cycles may still be occurring while reproductive signaling is becoming increasingly variable.
Some women therefore use Vitex during this transition, especially when their symptoms continue to have a cyclical or premenstrual character.
Vitex and Menopause
Vitex has also been studied for menopausal symptoms.
One randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving menopausal women found improvements in overall menopausal symptom scores, anxiety and vasomotor symptoms among women receiving Vitex compared with placebo.
Vasomotor symptoms are the temperature-regulation disturbances that include hot flashes and night sweats.
Those results are encouraging.
At the same time, menopause research on Vitex remains much smaller than the research surrounding PMS and cyclical breast tenderness.
The best description of Vitex for menopause is therefore promising and developing.
That leaves room for both science and women's real-world experiences.
Some women report meaningful improvement while taking Vitex during hormonal transition. Clinical research gives us reasons to continue investigating those experiences rather than dismissing them, while also recognizing that much more research is needed.
Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
Hot flashes can feel like sudden internal waves of heat, sometimes accompanied by flushing, sweating or a racing heartbeat.
Night sweats are related vasomotor events that occur during sleep and can interrupt rest.
These symptoms arise partly because reproductive hormone changes affect temperature-regulating systems in the brain.
Vitex is not one of the most extensively studied herbs for hot flashes, but early human research makes this a legitimate area of interest.
A small placebo-controlled study found improvement in vasomotor symptoms among women using Vitex.
That does not put hot flashes in the same evidence category as PMS or cyclical breast tenderness, but it does give us something meaningful to explore.
For women who find that Vitex improves their experience during perimenopause or menopause, their personal response is useful information about their own bodies.
Hormonal Acne and Skin Changes
Skin can sometimes reveal the rhythm of what is happening elsewhere in the body.
Some women notice acne:
Before menstruation
Around ovulation
During periods of irregular cycles
During perimenopause
During other hormonal transitions
Vitex has a long history of use for hormone-associated skin concerns, and its influence on reproductive signaling provides a possible reason for this traditional use.
However, modern human clinical research specifically demonstrating that Vitex treats hormonal acne is limited.
It is therefore best understood as a traditional and emerging use, rather than one of Vitex's established clinical applications.
Interestingly, acne has also occasionally been reported by people taking Vitex, reminding us that hormone-related responses can differ considerably from one person to another.
What's Inside the Vitex Berry?
Vitex fruit contains a complex mixture of naturally occurring plant compounds.
Researchers have identified constituents including:
Diterpenes
Flavonoids
Iridoid glycosides
Agnuside
Casticin
Vitexin
Other polyphenolic compounds
The diterpenes are particularly interesting because researchers have investigated their potential interaction with dopamine receptors.
This chemical complexity also helps explain why Vitex should not be reduced to a single active ingredient.
The whole berry contains numerous compounds capable of interacting with biological pathways.
Plant medicine often works through orchestras rather than solo instruments.
Vitex Is Not Simply a Phytoestrogen
Vitex is sometimes placed into a broad category with every herb associated with women's hormones.
That can be misleading.
Its most interesting proposed mechanism involves dopaminergic activity and prolactin regulation through the pituitary rather than simply supplying estrogen-like compounds.
Research into possible estrogen-receptor activity has produced mixed findings, and the precise mechanism of Vitex remains under investigation.
What is clearer is that the plant interacts with the reproductive signaling system in ways that distinguish it from herbs discussed primarily for their phytoestrogen content.
Traditional Use Through History
The relationship between humans and Vitex extends far beyond modern supplement bottles.
Vitex was known in ancient Mediterranean cultures and became associated with women's reproductive health, chastity and traditional gynecological uses.
Its common name monk's pepper arose from historical traditions surrounding the plant and beliefs that it could influence sexual desire.
Over time, however, Vitex became far more strongly associated with women's menstrual and reproductive wellness.
Modern research has now begun investigating some of the very reproductive patterns for which the plant developed its traditional reputation.
That meeting place between historical use and modern investigation is part of what makes Vitex so interesting.
How Vitex Is Commonly Used
Vitex is generally made from the fruit of the chaste tree and is available in several forms, including:
Capsules
Tablets
Liquid extracts
Tinctures
Standardized herbal extracts
Many products are taken once daily, although formulation and concentration vary considerably.
Vitex is usually approached as a consistent daily herb rather than something taken only when PMS symptoms begin.
Clinical research commonly evaluates Vitex over multiple menstrual cycles.
For this reason, women often track their response over approximately 8 to 12 weeks or two to three menstrual cycles rather than expecting an immediate overnight change.
Why the Type of Extract Matters
One detail easily lost in conversations about herbs is that one Vitex product is not automatically equivalent to another.
Clinical trials may use particular extracts with defined concentrations and preparation methods.
Different products can contain different amounts of plant material and different concentrations of active constituents.
When choosing a Vitex product, useful things to look for include:
The botanical name Vitex agnus-castus
Identification of the plant part, usually the fruit
Clear serving information
Extract concentration when applicable
Standardization information when provided
Transparent manufacturing information
Independent quality testing when available
A study showing benefits from one standardized preparation does not automatically prove that every product labeled “chasteberry” will perform identically.
Quality matters.
Paying Attention to Your Own Pattern
One of the most useful things a woman can do while exploring Vitex is track what her body is doing.
Consider recording:
Cycle length
Ovulation timing when known
Breast tenderness
PMS symptoms
Mood
Headaches
Bloating
Cravings
Sleep
Hot flashes
Night sweats
Skin changes
Menstrual flow
How symptoms change across several cycles
Patterns often tell a story that isolated symptoms cannot.
If breast tenderness appears predictably seven days before every period, that is different information from breast pain occurring randomly throughout the month.
If irritability, headaches and bloating consistently rise together during the luteal phase, that pattern also matters.
The body leaves clues.
Working With Vitex Wisely
Vitex is natural, but it is also biologically active.
That is part of what makes the plant interesting.
Because it may influence dopamine, prolactin and reproductive signaling, additional guidance can be useful when someone is:
Pregnant or breastfeeding
Receiving fertility treatment
Using hormonal contraception
Using hormone therapy
Taking dopamine agonist or antagonist medications
Taking antipsychotic or other medications that substantially affect dopamine
Managing a known pituitary disorder
Managing a hormone-sensitive medical condition
Vitex is generally well tolerated in studies.
Reported effects have included digestive discomfort, headache, itching, rash, acne and changes in menstrual patterns.
Most importantly, using an active herb wisely means paying attention to how your particular body responds.
The Evidence Landscape
Vitex has been studied across several areas of women's health, but the amount and quality of evidence differ by use.
The strongest human research currently centers on:
PMS and cyclical breast tenderness.
Promising human evidence exists for:
Certain prolactin-related menstrual disturbances and selected luteal-phase abnormalities.
Early and developing research includes:
Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats and anxiety.
More limited or condition-specific evidence includes:
Fertility support and PMDD.
Traditional or emerging uses include:
Hormonal-pattern acne and several broader reproductive wellness applications.
This evidence landscape allows Vitex to be appreciated without forcing every possible benefit into the same scientific category.
What Makes Vitex Valuable
Vitex is valuable because it invites us to think about hormonal wellness differently.
Symptoms such as breast tenderness, mood changes, menstrual irregularity and premenstrual discomfort do not occur in isolation.
They emerge from an interconnected system involving the brain, pituitary gland, ovaries, nervous system and hormone receptors throughout the body.
Vitex appears to interact with part of that communication network.
Its strongest clinical story involves PMS and cyclical breast tenderness.
Its prolactin research gives us a fascinating window into why the plant may affect menstrual rhythm.
Its emerging research in perimenopause and menopause raises worthwhile questions about how the herb might help certain women during hormonal transition.
And its centuries of traditional use remind us that women's experiences with medicinal plants often began long before laboratories were able to investigate their mechanisms.
Vitex deserves neither exaggeration nor dismissal.
It deserves understanding.
A Grounded Takeaway
Vitex, or chasteberry, is one of the most important traditional herbs associated with women's menstrual and hormonal wellness.
Modern research has given particular support to its use for PMS and cyclical breast tenderness and has revealed intriguing relationships with dopamine signaling, prolactin and the menstrual cycle.
Research also suggests possible benefits in selected prolactin-related luteal-phase disturbances, while studies involving menopause, fertility, PMDD and other hormonal concerns continue to develop.
Vitex does not simply pour hormones into the body.
Its story appears to involve something subtler: communication.
The brain sends signals.
The pituitary responds.
Hormones carry messages.
Breast tissue, ovaries and reproductive organs respond to those messages.
The menstrual cycle moves through its phases.
And within that remarkable biological conversation, Vitex appears capable of influencing certain signals.
That is what makes this small berry so fascinating.
It is not merely a “women's hormone herb.”
It is a plant whose relationship with the body's reproductive signaling system has been recognized traditionally for generations and is still being unraveled by modern science.
Frequently Asked Questions About Vitex
Is Vitex the same as chasteberry?
Yes. Vitex, chasteberry, chaste tree berry and Vitex agnus-castus generally refer to the same plant. The fruit of the chaste tree is the part most commonly used in supplements.
What is Vitex best known for?
Vitex is best known for PMS and cyclical breast tenderness. It is also commonly used to support menstrual rhythm and other hormone-related symptoms.
Does Vitex help PMS?
Human clinical research supports Vitex as a promising option for reducing several PMS symptoms, particularly cyclical breast tenderness and other recurring premenstrual complaints.
Can Vitex help breast tenderness?
Cyclical breast tenderness is one of the strongest areas of Vitex research. Studies have found reductions in breast pain among women whose symptoms follow the menstrual cycle.
Why might Vitex affect breast tenderness?
One possible explanation involves prolactin. Prolactin influences breast tissue as well as reproductive function, and Vitex appears capable of influencing dopamine pathways involved in prolactin regulation.
Does Vitex lower prolactin?
Certain Vitex preparations have reduced prolactin responses in human studies, particularly among women with specific prolactin-related menstrual abnormalities. Vitex should not be viewed as a replacement for evaluating unexplained or significantly elevated prolactin.
Does Vitex increase progesterone?
Vitex does not contain progesterone. In a study involving women with luteal-phase abnormalities related to latent hyperprolactinemia, Vitex improved luteal progesterone production along with other hormonal changes. The effect appears to occur indirectly through reproductive signaling rather than by supplying progesterone.
Does Vitex balance hormones?
“Hormone balancing” is a convenient phrase, but it oversimplifies how Vitex appears to work.
Vitex may influence pituitary, dopamine and prolactin signaling and thereby affect downstream reproductive hormone patterns.
“Supporting hormonal communication and reproductive rhythm” is a more accurate description.
Can Vitex regulate menstrual cycles?
Vitex may support menstrual rhythm in certain women, particularly when cycle disturbances occur alongside PMS, cyclical breast tenderness, luteal-phase concerns or prolactin-related patterns.
Irregular cycles can have many causes, however, so the reason behind the irregularity matters.
Can Vitex help fertility?
Vitex is sometimes useful in fertility-related situations involving irregular cycles, luteal-phase abnormalities or prolactin signaling.
Evidence is not strong enough to describe Vitex as a general infertility treatment.
Its potential value appears to be more specific: supporting certain reproductive patterns that can influence fertility.
What is the luteal phase?
The luteal phase is the portion of the menstrual cycle between ovulation and the beginning of the next period.
During this phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone to support the uterine lining.
Can Vitex help a short luteal phase?
A small placebo-controlled study found normalization of shortened luteal phases among women with luteal-phase defects associated with latent hyperprolactinemia.
That does not mean every short luteal phase has the same cause, but it is one of the more intriguing areas of Vitex research.
Can Vitex help PMDD?
Vitex has been studied for severe premenstrual symptoms and PMDD, but the research base is less established than it is for broader PMS.
It remains a legitimate area of research rather than a proven universal treatment for PMDD.
Does Vitex help with perimenopause?
Vitex is commonly used during perimenopause, particularly when symptoms retain a cyclical pattern involving PMS, breast tenderness, mood changes or irregular periods.
Because hormone production becomes increasingly variable during perimenopause, individual responses can differ.
Does Vitex help hot flashes?
Early clinical research suggests that Vitex may improve vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes in some menopausal women.
This research is promising but considerably smaller than the research supporting Vitex for PMS and cyclical breast tenderness.
Can Vitex help night sweats?
Night sweats are another type of vasomotor symptom. Early human research on Vitex and menopausal symptoms gives researchers reason to continue exploring this possibility, although larger trials are still needed.
Can Vitex help menopause-related anxiety?
One small randomized placebo-controlled study found improvement in anxiety as well as vasomotor symptoms among menopausal women using Vitex.
This is an intriguing finding, but menopause remains an emerging area of Vitex research.
Can Vitex help hormonal acne?
Vitex has traditionally been used for hormone-associated skin concerns, particularly when breakouts follow the menstrual cycle.
Clinical evidence specifically establishing Vitex as an acne treatment remains limited, so this is better considered a traditional and emerging use.
Is Vitex a phytoestrogen?
Vitex should not simply be classified as an estrogen replacement.
Researchers have investigated possible estrogen-receptor activity, but findings have been mixed. Its better-characterized activity involves dopamine and prolactin-related signaling.
How long does Vitex take to work?
Vitex generally is not considered an immediate-acting herb.
Many clinical studies evaluate response across approximately three menstrual cycles, and women commonly assess their response after about 8 to 12 weeks of consistent use.
Should Vitex be taken every day?
Many Vitex preparations used in clinical research are taken consistently rather than only during PMS symptoms.
The appropriate amount depends upon the preparation and concentration of the particular product.
Is every Vitex supplement the same?
No.
Vitex supplements can differ substantially in extraction method, concentration, standardization and amount of plant material.
This is why results from a particular clinical extract cannot automatically be transferred to every Vitex product on the shelf.
Can Vitex be used during pregnancy?
Vitex is generally not recommended for routine use once pregnancy is established unless its use is specifically directed by a qualified healthcare professional.
Can Vitex be used while breastfeeding?
Because Vitex may affect prolactin and reproductive signaling, its use while breastfeeding deserves individualized professional guidance.
Can Vitex be used with birth control or hormone therapy?
Vitex influences pathways involved in reproductive signaling. Women using hormonal contraception, estrogen therapy, anti-estrogen therapy or other hormonal treatments should discuss concurrent Vitex use with a knowledgeable healthcare professional.
Can Vitex interact with medications?
Because of its potential dopaminergic activity, particular attention is appropriate with medications that act strongly on dopamine pathways.
This includes dopamine agonists and antagonists and may include some medications used in neurological or psychiatric care.
Is Vitex worth understanding?
Absolutely.
Vitex brings together centuries of traditional herbal use and an expanding body of modern research involving PMS, breast tenderness, prolactin, the pituitary gland and reproductive rhythm.
Its story is still being written.
And the more science learns about the relationship between the brain, hormones and reproductive system, the more interesting this small Mediterranean berry becomes.
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